The aim of this Research Topic was to show how broad the field of brain stimulation has become recently, including basic research and clinical application. Numerous brain stimulation methods are being investigated to serve as neuromodulatory techniques, treating a variety of neuropsychiatric or neurological disorders (Antal et al., 2022; Camacho-Conde et al., 2022; Siebner et al., 2022). They can be divided into noninvasive and invasive methods. Non-invasive brain stimulation includes transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) and non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Invasive brain stimulation consists of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS)